Revisión Exploratoria: Comunicación de la Articulación Temporomandibular y del Oído Medio en Fetos y Niños / Exploratory Review: Temporomandibular Joint and Middle Ear Communication in Fetuses and Infants

La Articulación temporomandibular (ATM) cumple funciones importantes para la vida; su adecuado funcionamiento se puede alterar por trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). La sintomatología de los TTM es variada, entre ellos se encuentra dolor en los músculos masticatorios, ruidos articulares y con menos frecuencia algunos pacientes refieren síntomas auditivos, lo que sugiere la existencia de una relación entre la ATM y el oído medio; sin embargo, esta relación no es clara. En consecuencia, el presente estudio tiene como propósito realizar una revisión de literatura para identificar los aspectos conocidos, desconocidos y controvertidos sobre la relación entre la ATM y el oído medio en niños y fetos. Se efectuó una búsqueda de la literatura en bases de datos utilizando los operadores booleanos (AND/OR) y los términos clave en inglés y en español. Se identificaron inicialmente 1080 artículos, se eliminaron los artículos duplicados y se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Finalmente, se seleccionaron un total de 14 artículos que se revisaron a texto completo. Los estudios encontrados se enfocan en el desarrollo histoembriológico de la ATM y cómo ese desarrollo se da en conjunto con los componentes del oído medio. Adicionalmente, se identificaron investigaciones sobre el origen, la morfología y función del ligamento discomaleolar, el ligamento esfenomandibular y la fisura petrotimpánica como estructuras que conectan la ATM y el oído medio, pero los resultados han sido controvertidos. Se concluye que son necesarios más estudios para determinar cualquier relación anatómica y fisiológica que pueda existir entre la ATM y el sistema auditivo en fetos y niños.

SUMMARY: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has important functions for life; its proper functioning can be altered by temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The symptomatology of TMD is varied, including pain in the masticatory muscles, joint noises and less frequently some patients report auditory symptoms, suggesting the existence of a relationship between the TMJ and the middle ear; however, this relationship is not clear. Consequently, the present study aims to conduct a literature review to identify the known, unknown and controversial aspects of the relationship between TMJ and the middle ear in children and fetuses. A literature search was performed in databases using Boolean operators (AND/ OR) and key terms in English and Spanish. A total of 1080 articles were initially identified; duplicate articles were eliminated and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Finally, a total of 14 articles were selected and reviewed in full text. The studies found focus on the histoembryological development of the TMJ and how that development occurs in conjunction with the middle ear components. Additionally, research on the origin, morphology, and function of the discomalleolar ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, and petrotympanic fissure as structures connecting the TMJ and middle ear was identified, but the results have been controversial. It is concluded that further studies are necessary to determine any anatomical and physiological relationship that may exist between the TMJ and the auditory system in fetuses and children.

Estrategias y necesidades educativas de padres de bebés prematuros en un hospital de tercer nivel de Cali, Colombia / Strategies and educational needs of parents of premature infants in a third level hospital in Cali, Colombia / Estratégias e necessidades educacionais de pais de bebês prematuros em um hospital de nível terciário em Cali, Colômbia

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar las estrategias y necesidades educativas de padres de bebés prematuros en un hospital de Cali, Colombia. El estudio fue cualitativo de sistematización de experiencias centrada en un proceso de intervención mediada. Los ejes de la sistematización fueron: las necesidades educativas y las estrategias de mejoramiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por 11 madres y padres quienes recibieron educación en el contexto de un programa de seguimiento, seleccionados a través de un muestreo opinático por criterios, entrevistados en profundidad. Se realizó análisis de contenido temático. Se encontró que las necesidades educativas se agrupan en los cuidados del bebé: conocimientos básicos, conductas y emociones, condición de salud y alimentación y cuidados del cuidador. Las estrategias se enfocaron en el uso y aprovechamiento de las tecnologías de la información, la escuela de padres y la integración del grupo familiar. (AU)

Abstract We aimed to identify educational strategies and needs of parents of premature babies hospital in Cali, Colombia. We conducted a qualitative study of systematization of experiences focused on a process of mediated intervention. The axes of the systematization were: parental educational needs and improvement strategies for the follow-up program. The sample consisted of 11 mothers and parents who received education during a follow-up program, selected through an opinion-based sampling criterion. We conducted in-depth interviews with the parents and then used thematic content analysis. We found parental educational needs grouped into baby care: basic knowledge, behaviors and emotions, health and nutritional condition, and caregiver care. Improvement strategies suggested for the program focused on the use of information technologies, the parents' school, and the integration of families (AU)

Resumo O objetivo foi determinar as estratégias e necessidades educativas dos pais de bebês prematuros em um hospital de Cali, Colômbia. O estudo foi qualitativo de sistematização de experiências centradas num processo de intervenção mediado. Os eixos de sistematização foram: necessidades educativas e estratégias de melhoria. A amostra foi composta por 11 pais e mães que receberam educação no contexto de um programa de acompanhamento, selecionados por amostragem de opinião por critérios, entrevistados em profundidade. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo temática. Constatou-se que as necessidades educativas se agrupam nos seguintes cuidados com o bebê: conhecimentos básicos, comportamentos e emoções, estado de saúde, alimentação e cuidados do cuidador. As estratégias centraram-se na utilização e exploração das tecnologias de informação, na escola para os pais e na integração do grupo familiar. (AU)

Out-of-pocket costs for patients with psoriasis in an outpatient dermatology referral service

Abstract Background: Psoriasis is a chronic disease that derives great costs to the health care system. In Colombia, due to deficiencies in this system, patients are more likely to incur in out-of-pocket expenses; money that has never been quantified in this country. Objectives: To quantify out-of-pocket expenses and to analyze their relation to patients' clinical and labor characteristics in a cohort of psoriatic patients. Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study was performed, evaluating psoriasis patients. Results: A total of 100 psoriasis patients were analyzed. We identified that patients with higher dermatology life quality index and in phototherapy treatment were the ones that had higher out-of-pocket costs (p = 0.006 and 0.005, respectively). We found no correlation between out-of-pocket costs and occupational status, psoriasis area severity index or other types of treatment. The largest amount of money was used to buy medications and bus transportation with a maximum up to 440.50 and 528.60 USD, respectively. Among the 100 participants the total expense was 11131.90 USD in a 6-month period. Study limitations: Lack of measurement of the labor productivity and labor absenteeism secondary to sick leave. Conclusion: Out-of-pocket costs are similar with what was shown in previous studies. We found statistically significant differences for the DLQI in comparison with out-of-pocket expenses, regardless of the PASI level. Phototherapy treatment also had statistically significant differences in relationship with out-of-pocket expenses, when compared to other treatments, because it requires higher expenses in transportation, copayments, and alimentation during appointment assistance.

Caso de hipertermia maligna en paciente intervenida de apendicectomía laparoscópica / Malignant Hyperthermia after a laparoscopic appendicectomy: Case report

Malignant hyperthermia is an hypermetabolic syndrome in which the intracellular calcium receptors are altered. Patients who present compatible symptoms with this symdrome are genetically predisposed. Many of the cases have been described in the surgical area, due to the use of anesthesic drugs and neuromuscular blockers. However, there are some cases with an unknown trigger. The prevalence of the syndrome is very difficult to estimate. The diagnosis and early treatment are pronostic factors predicting the evolution of the syndrome.

La hipertermia maligna es conocida como un síndrome de estimulación masiva del metabolismo, debido a la alteración en la liberación de calcio intracelular. Muchos pacientes que presentan clínica compatible con este síndrome están genéticamente predispuestos. La mayoría de los casos se describen en el ámbito quirúrgico, con el empleo de fármacos anestésicos y determinados relajantes neuromusculares, aunque también existen casos en los que no se halla desencadenante. De prevalencia difícil de estimar, la sospecha diagnóstica y el tratamiento precoz marcan el pronóstico evolutivo de estos pacientes.

Telepsiquiatría: una experiencia exitosa en Antioquia, Colombia

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia que han tenido los médicos y pacientes del programa de Telepsiquiatría de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia en los primeros 12 meses de su implementación en 8 municipios del departamento. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a 111 pacientes atendidos durante el primer año. Se diseñó un instrumento para evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes y se empleó el instrumento de aceptación de tecnología para evaluar la de los profesionales de la salud. Resultados: Se realizaron 340 atenciones durante ese periodo a 111 pacientes; 70 (63,1%) de ellos recibieron al menos 2 atenciones por telepsiquiatría en el primer año. Se evaluó la experiencia en una muestra de 38 pacientes (34%), quienes manifestaron la resolución del problema (94,7%) y una satisfacción alta (100%). En el programa participaron 9 profesionales de la salud, que estuvieron de acuerdo en que la tecnología es útil y fácil de usar y tienen la intención de seguir usándola. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo no han dado una respuesta adecuada a la carga de trastornos mentales; por esto, estrategias como la telepsiquiatría se consideran una modalidad de atención ideal para personas que viven en lugares remotos y tienen dificultad de acceso a los servicios de salud especializados, con adecuada aceptación.

Objective: To describe the experience of physicians and patients in the Telepsychiatry pro gramme at the University of Antioquia's Faculty of Medicine in the first 12 months after its implementation in eight towns across Antioquia. Methodology: A descriptive study involving the evaluation of 111 patients during the programme's first year. An instrument was designed to evaluate patients' satisfaction and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to evaluate the health professionals' satisfaction. Results: 111 patients were seen on 340 occasions. 70 out of the 111 patients (63.1%) were seen by Telepsychiatry at least twice in the first year of implementation. A sample of 38 patients (34%) was used to evaluate their experience, of which 94.7% said their problem had been solved and 100% were highly satisfied. Nine health professionals took part in the programme, who agreed that the technology was useful and easy to use. They also stated that they wanted to continue using it. Conclusion: Health systems across the globe have failed to provide an adequate response to the mental health burden. Therefore, strategies such as telepsychiatry are considered an ideal treatment modality to give patients living in remote locations the specialised attention that they need.

Síndrome de Morris completo. Presentación de un caso / Complete Morris Syndrome. Case Presentation

RESUMEN El síndrome de insensibilidad a los andrógenos, síndrome de Morris o feminización testicular es un desorden en la diferenciación sexual, en el cual el individuo es fenotípicamente femenino, pero con caracteres genéticos de un hombre. Se presenta el caso de una escolar de 9 años de edad con hernia inguinal bilateral como forma de presentación del síndrome de Morris. Se valora en consulta y se constata la presencia de testes en el acto quirúrgico, corroborada mediante anatomía patológica. Se realizó cariotipo describiéndose cromosómicamente 46XY. En edad prepuberal se reevalúa con hernias inguinales bilaterales y genitales externos de apariencia femenina. Se comprueba mediante exámenes imagenológicos ausencia de cuerpo uterino y anejos, con presencia de vagina permeable hasta su tercio medio, que termina en un saco ciego en el interior de la pelvis, realizándose orquiectomía por mínimo acceso sin plastia vaginal. La aparición de hernia inguinal bilateral en la infancia fue la forma de presentación del síndrome de Morris en esta paciente. Se presenta el caso por lo poco frecuente de la aparición de esta entidad.

ABSTRACT Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Morris syndrome or testicular feminization is a disorder in sexual differentiation, in which the individual is phenotypically feminine, but with a man's genetic characteristics. The case of a 9-year-old schoolgirl with bilateral inguinal hernia is presented as a form of presentation of Morris syndrome. It is assessed in consultation confirming the presence of testicles in the surgery, corroborated by pathological anatomy. A karyotype was described describing chromosomally 46XY. In prepubertal age it is reevaluated with bilateral inguinal hernias and external genitals of female appearance. It is verified by imaging examinations, the absence of uterine body and annexes, with presence of permeable vagina until its middle third, which ends in a blind sac inside the pelvis, performing orchiectomy by minimal access without vaginoplasty. Bilateral inguinal hernia in childhood was the form of presentation of Morris syndrome in this patient. The case is presented due to the low frequency of occurrence of this condition.

Salud sexual y reproductiva de los pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastorno afectivo bipolar / Sexual and Reproductive Health in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

RESUMEN Introducción: Las personas con esquizofrenia y trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) tienen alto riesgo de embarazos no deseados y abortos, debido a su condición de vulnerabilidad o comportamientos hipersexuales (frecuentes en este último trastorno); a esto se asocia dificultad en la planeación de sus actos y escasez de educación sexual y consejos del personal médico, lo cual lleva a resultados obstétricos negativos e incapacidad para cuidar adecuadamente a sus hijos. Objetivo: Describir las características de una muestra de pacientes con trastorno bipolar y esquizofrenia en Medellín, Colombia, sobre salud sexual y reproductiva, el uso de anticoncepción y el asesoramiento al respecto en las consultas de psiquiatría. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se incluyó a los 160 participantes del ensayo clínico «Los Efectos de un Programa de Intervención Multimodal en Pacientes con Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar y Esquizofrenia¼, captados de la consulta del grupo de trastornos del ánimo y psicosis del Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación de Medellín. Un residente de tercer año de Psiquiatría contactó con ellos vía telefónica y les aplicó una encuesta acerca de las características de su vida sexual y reproductiva y la anticoncepción. Resultados: Casi todos los pacientes con esquizofrenia estaban solteros, no tenían estudios de pregrado y se encontraban desempleados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la edad de inicio de las relaciones sexuales al comparar por diagnóstico y por sexo. Casi todos los pacientes con esquizofrenia y casi la mitad de los pacientes con TAB reportaron no tener vida sexual activa. Casi todos los que reconocieron tenerla afirmaron que usaban siempre algún método anticonceptivo; del grupo de TAB, solo el 48,8% de las mujeres solteras reconocieron estar planificando y poco más de la mitad de los varones afirmaron que se servían del condón en sus relaciones sexuales. Una cuarta parte de los embarazos fueron no planeados. El 57,4% de los pacientes con TAB y el 78,8% de los que tenían esquizofrenia se consideraban bien informados sobre planificación familiar, a pesar de que la mayoría afirmaba que nunca habían recibido información sobre este tema durante las consultas con su psiquiatra. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad mental tienen alteraciones cognitivas y conductuales que afectan a su vida sexual y reproductiva, por lo cual los psiquiatras deben abordar este tema para garantizar la educación en cuanto a anticoncepción, planeación de la natalidad y riesgo de enfermedades de transmisión sexual, entre otras, y así velar por la seguridad y la calidad de vida de sus pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: People with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) have a high risk of unwanted pregnancies and abortions, due to their condition of vulnerability or hypersexuality (common in BD). This is associated with difficulty in planning their actions and lack of sex education and counselling by medical personnel, and can lead to adverse obstetric outcomes and inability to care adequately for their children. Objective: To describe the characteristics in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and the use of contraception and counselling in psychiatric consultations, in a sample of patients with BD and schizophrenia in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study. We included the 160 participants from the clinical trial, "The effects of a multimodal intervention programme in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia", who were recruited from the mood and psychosis disorders group clinic at Hospital Universitario de San Vicente Fundación in Medellin. They were contacted by phone by a third-year psychiatry resident, who applied a survey about the characteristics of their sex life, contraception and reproduction. Results: Almost all of the patients with schizophrenia were single, had no undergraduate studies and were unemployed. No significant differences were found regarding the age of starting sexual relations when comparing by diagnosis and gender. Almost all patients with schizophrenia and almost half of the patients with BD reported not having an active sexual life. Almost all of those who admitted to having an active sexual life claimed to always use contraception; in the BD group, only 48.8% of single women admitted to using contraception and a little over half of men stated that they used a condom when having sex. A quarter of the pregnancies were unplanned. Although the majority of the patients stated that they had never received information about family planning in the consultations with their psychiatrist, 57.4% of the patients with BD and 78.8% of those who had schizophrenia, considered themselves to be well informed on the subject. Conclusions: Patients with mental illness have cognitive and behavioural alterations that affect their sexual and reproductive lives. Psychiatrists should therefore address this issue, to ensure education in areas such as contraception, family planning and sexually transmitted diseases and help safeguard the safety and quality of life of their patients.

Locally aggressive trichilemmal carcinoma

Abstract: Trichilemmal carcinoma is a rare adnexal neoplasia with histologic features reminiscent of the outer root sheath of hair follicles. The clinical presentation of trichilemmal carcinoma is variable, as it may mimic basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, thus requiring histologic diagnosis. We report the case of a patient with aggressive trichilemmal carcinoma in the auricle.

Função olfatória e qualidade de vida após a reabilitação do olfato em laringectomizados totais / Olfactory function and quality of life after olfaction rehabilitation in total laryngectomees

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da reabilitação do olfato na função olfatória e na qualidade de vida de laringectomizados totais. Métodos Estudo clínico pré e pós-intervenção em laringectomizados totais submetidos à reabilitação do olfato pela técnica Nasal Airflow- Inducing Maneuver, por meio do Teste de Identificação do Olfato da Universidade da Pensilvânia, dos Questionários sobre a Acuidade Olfatória, do Questionário de Acompanhamento e do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Universidade de Washington. Resultados Foram incluídos 45 laringectomizados totais. Antes da reabilitação do olfato, 48,9% dos participantes tiveram o olfato classificado em anosmia, 46,8% apresentaram algum tipo de microsmia e 4,4% tiveram o olfato considerado normal. Depois da reabilitação, 4,4% dos participantes foram classificados como anosmia e 31,1% foram classificados dentro da normalidade. No Teste de Identificação do Olfato, o escore médio após a reabilitação apresentou melhora estatisticamente significante. Nos questionários sobre a acuidade olfatória após a reabilitação do olfato, os resultados demonstram melhora na frequência da percepção com relação ao olfato, paladar e à capacidade de sentir cheiros dos perfumes, alimentos, gás vazando e fumaça, após o aprendizado da manobra. Os escores do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida, embora já indicassem uma boa qualidade de vida antes da intervenção, apresentaram valores estatisticamente significantes após a reabilitação do olfato. Conclusão A reabilitação do olfato melhora a função olfatória e tem impacto positivo nas atividades de vida diária e na qualidade de vida dos laringectomizados totais.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the effects of olfaction rehabilitation in the olfactory function and quality of life of total laryngectomized patients. Methods Pre-post intervention clinical study conducted with total laryngectomees submitted to olfaction rehabilitation by means of the Nasal Airflow-Inducing Maneuver (NAIM) using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), Olfactory Acuity Questionnaires, a Monitoring Questionnaire, and the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UW-QOL). Results Participants were 45 total laryngectomees. Before olfaction rehabilitation, 48.9% of the participants had their olfactic abilities classified as anosmia, 46.8% as microsmia, and 4.4% were considered within the normal range. After olfaction rehabilitation, 4.4% of the participants were classified as anosmia and 31.1% were within the normal range. In the Smell Identification Test, the mean score after rehabilitation showed statistically significant improvement. Reponses to the Olfactory Acuity Questionnaires after rehabilitation showed improvement in the frequency of perception regarding smell, taste, and the ability to smell perfume, food, leaking gas, and smoke, after learning the maneuver. Although the scores in the Quality of Life Questionnaire already indicated good quality of life before the surgery, post-intervention values were statistically significant. Conclusion Olfaction rehabilitation improves olfactory function and has a positive impact on the activities of daily living and quality of life of total laryngectomized patients.

Hiperplasia adrenal congénita. Presentación de caso / Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Case presentation

Fundamento: La hiperplasia adrenal congénita es el desorden adrenal más común en niños, causa frecuente de seudohermafroditismo femenino y de ambigüedad sexual. La deficiencia de la enzima 21 hidroxilasa es la causa más común, ocurre entre un 90 y 95 % de los casos. La incidencia de la enfermedad es de 1:14 000 nacimientos. La determinación de hormona 17 hidroxiprogesterona al quinto día de nacido, facilita el diagnóstico y el adecuado tratamiento. Presentación de caso: Se describe el diagnóstico de un recién nacido femenino, de nueve días, con antecedentes prenatales de alto riesgo obstétrico, sin manifestaciones clínicas de pérdida adrenal, al examen físico discreto grado de virilización (moderada hipertrofia del clítoris) y niveles elevados de 17 hidroxiprogesterona, al cual se le realizó confirmatorio de 17 hidroxiprogesterona en suero a los nueve días, resultó positivo y ante los antecedentes prenatales, se decidió su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno. Conclusiones: Se realizó el diagnóstico de una hiperplasia adrenal congénita, en recién nacido femenino de nueve días, se brindó asesoría a sus familiares, se indicó tratamiento médico con hidrocortisona y fluorhidrocortizona, se le siguió por consulta del programa de hiperplasia adrenal congénita y se realizó estudio molecular para precisar déficit enzimático.

Background: Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital is the most common adrenal disorder in children, a frequent cause of femenine pseudohermaphroditism and sexual ambiguity. The deficiency of the 21 hydroxylase enzyme is the most common cause, occurs between 90 and 95 % of the cases. The incidence of the disease is at about 1:14 000 births. The determination of hormone 17 hydroxyprogesterone on the fifth day of birth facilitates diagnosis and adequate treatment. Case report: We describe the diagnosis of a 9 days old femenine infant with a prenatal history of high obstetric risk, with no clinical manifestations of adrenal loss, a discrete physical examination of virilization (moderate clitoris hypertrophy) and elevated levels of 17 hydroxyprogesterone, which was confirmed with serum hydroxyprogesterone at 9 days, was positive and before the prenatal history, the diagnosis and timely treatment was decided. Conclusion: Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital was diagnosed in a 9-day-old femenine newborn, counseling was given to her relatives, medical treatment with hydrocortisone and fluorhydrocortisone was indicated, followed by consult with the adrenal hyperplasia, congenital program and molecular study was made to determine enzymatic deficit.

Acuidade olfatória e qualidade de vida após a laringectomia total / Olfactory acuity and quality of life after total laryngectomy

RESUMO: Objetivo: identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados às alterações do olfato e descrever a qualidade de vida após a laringectomia total. Métodos: estudo transversal para avaliar a acuidade olfatória e a qualidade de vida de laringectomizados totais no Instituto Nacional de Câncer por meio da aplicação do Teste de Identificação do Olfato da Universidade da Pensilvânia, do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Universidade de Washington e do Questionário sobre a Acuidade Olfatória Pré-Reabilitação do Olfato. Resultados: foram avaliados 48 laringectomizados totais, sendo 39 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 62 anos e tempo médio de 5,6 anos desde a laringectomia total. No Teste de Identificação do Olfato a pontuação média foi de 17,9. De acordo com a classificação do olfato no teste, a maioria dos participantes apresentou algum grau de alteração, sendo que apenas 2 indivíduos tiveram o olfato considerado dentro da normalidade. No Questionário de Qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington, o escore composto foi 80,47. Os domínios que apresentaram as médias de pontos mais baixas foram paladar, saliva e fala. No questionário sobre a acuidade olfatória pré-reabilitação do olfato, a maioria dos participantes consideraram seu olfato de ruim a razoável. 21 indivíduos relataram apresentar algum grau de dificuldade em suas atividades de vida diária em decorrência de alterações do olfato. Conclusão: os laringectomizados totais apresentaram alta prevalência de alterações do olfato, com comprometimentos relacionados às suas atividades de vida diária.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: to identify the prevalence and the factors associated with olfaction disorders and describe the quality of life after total laryngectomy. Methods: a cross-sectional study to assess the olfactory acuity and the quality of life in total laryngectomized patients at the National Cancer Institute by applying the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Olfactory Acuity Pre-Rehabilitation of Olfaction Questionnaire. Results: we assessed 48 total laryngectomized patients, 39 male and 9 female, with a mean age of 62 years old and a mean time of 5-6 years since total laryngectomy. The mean score in the Smell Identification Test was 17.9. According to the smell classification, most patients presented a level of alteration, and only two had the olfaction considered within normal patterns. The composite score in the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was 80.47. The domains with the lowest score averages were taste, saliva and speech. In the Olfactory Acuity Pre-Rehabilitation of Olfaction questionnaire, most participants considered their olfaction from poor to fair. A number of 21 subjects reported to present some difficulty level in their daily activities due to the olfaction disorder. Conclusion: the total laryngectomized patients presented a high prevalence of olfaction disorder with impairments related to their daily activities.

Prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus y de la glucemia alterada en ayunas en un área de la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and of altered glycemia on fasting in an area of the city of Sancti Spiritus

Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus no propensa a la cetoacidosis y de la glucemia alterada en ayunas en 20 consultorios del área norte de la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus. Métodos: la población se obtuvo del estudio de corte transversal realizado en 20 consultorios del área de salud norte de la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus, en el periodo comprendido de enero de 2006 a diciembre de 2010. En la investigación anterior, el universo de estudio fue la población de 16 o más años de edad, de 20 consultorios del Médico de Familia escogidos al azar (n= 9 895 habitantes), de los cuales se estudiaron a 1 019 personas. La gran mayoría de estas personas residían en el área urbana (93,62 por ciento). Se reconsideró si la muestra estudiada anteriormente a través del programa Epinfo versión 6 en su módulo Statcalc, era adecuada para cumplimentar el objetivo de este nuevo análisis, y se obtuvo una muestra estimada de 340 y 574 personas, para un intervalo de confianza de un 95 por ciento, y para un 99 por ciento de confiabilidad respectivamente. Este análisis permitió reevaluar la información almacenada en la base de datos.Resultados: la prevalencia global de la diabetes mellitus fue de 13,64 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 11,53-15,74 por ciento). Al individualizar a la población diabética, las personas diabéticas tipo 2 representaron el 10,4 por ciento (IC 8,25-12,27 por ciento) y los diabéticos normopesos el 3,24 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 3,03-3,43 por ciento) de la población estudiada. La frecuencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 comenzó a incrementarse a partir de la quinta década, y se obtuvo un ligero predominio en las féminas (11,6 vs. 8,8 por ciento). La glucemia alterada en ayunas, se diagnosticó en el 25,22 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 19,91-30,52 por ciento), con predominio de este estado prediabético en la población urbana estudiada (26,2 vs. 10,8 por ciento).Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus y de la glucemia alterada en ayunas en la población estudiada fue alta(AU)

Objectives: to determine the prevalence of non-ketoacidosis prone diabetes mellitus and of altered glycemia on fasting in the patients of 20 doctor's offices located in the northern area of the city of Sancti Spiritus. Methods: the population for the analysis was taken from a cross-sectional study of 20 doctor's offices located in the northern health area of the city of Sancti Spiritus, which had been conducted from January 2006 to December 2010. In the previous research, the universe of study was the population aged 16 years and over attended by 20 randomly selected family doctor's offices (n=9 895 people) of whom 1 019 people had been studied. Most of the patients lived in the urban area of the city (93.62 percent). There was then reconsidered whether this sample, previously studied through the Epinfo 6 program, Statcal module, would be suitable to attain the objective of the new analysis, and finally an estimated sample of 340 and 574 persons was obtained for a 95 por ciento confidence interval and 99 por ciento reliability index, respectively. This new analysis made it possible to reassess the information stored at the database. Results: the global prevalence index of diabetes mellitus was 13.64 percent (CI 95 percent :11.53-15.745). The diabetes type 2 patients and the normoweighted diabetics accounted for 10.4 percent (CI 8.25-12.27 percent) and 3.4 percent (CI 95 percent: 3.03-3.43 percent) of the studied population, respectively. The frequency of diabetes mellitus type 2 increased from the age of 50 years on whereas females were slightly predominant (11.6 vs. 8.8 percent). The altered glycemia on fasting was diagnosed in 25.22 percent (CI 95 percent: 19.91-30.52 percent), with predominance of this prediabetic condition in the studied urban population (26.2 percent vs. 10.8 percent). Conclusions: the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and of altered glycemia on fasting was high in the population under study

Polaridad predominante en pacientes bipolares tipo I. Estudio en una población aislada con alta prevalencia de trastornos de ánimo / Predominant polarity in type-I bipolar patients. Study in an isolated population with a high prevalence of mood disorders

Introducción: Estudios recientes han demostrado que la descripción de la polaridad predominante tiene efectos en la detección temprana y el inicio oportuno del tratamiento en los pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 101 pacientes con TAB procedentes de una muestra poblacional genéticamente aislada de la región colombiana de Antioquia. Resultados: El estudio abarcó una población de 101 pacientes con diagnóstico de TAB tipo I, de los cuales 57,4% cumplieron criterios de polaridad maniaca (PM), 10,1% presentaron polaridad depresiva (PD) y 25,7% fueron clasificados con polaridad indefinida (PI). En comparación con los otros, los pacientes con PM tienen menor nivel educativo y menor edad de inicio y hay más solteros que en los otros grupos. La mayor prevalencia de suicidio se dio dentro del grupo de PM. El grupo de PM presentó un mayor consumo de cannabinoides y cocaína. Dentro del grupo de PD se registró una fuerte tendencia al consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol. Respecto a los fármacos consumidos a lo largo de la vida por los pacientes que conforman el estudio, los antipsicóti-cos fueron el grupo más usado, seguido por el litio y los anticonvulsivantes. Hay un elevado porcentaje de pacientes con PM que usaron antidepresivos a lo largo de su vida. Conclusiones: La polaridad del primer episodio de la enfermedad parece ser un parámetro de pronóstico válido en cuanto a la polaridad de los episodios subsiguientes; por lo tanto funciona de forma indirecta como predictor del curso de la enfermedad...

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that the predominant description of polarity has effects upon early detection and the timely beginning of treatment in patients with bipolar affective disorder (BAD). Methodology:Cross sectional cut and descriptive study in 101 BAD patients coming from a genetically isolated population from the Colombian Region of Antioquia. Results: The study covered a population of 101 patients with type-I BAD diagnosis, out of which 57,4% met the criteria for maniac polarity (MP), 10,1% exhibited depressive polarity (DP) and 25,7% were classified with Indefinite Polarity (IP). In comparison, MP patients have a lower education level and less starting age, including a greater number of single people. The MP group showed the greatest prevalence of suicide and greater use of cannabinoids and cocaine. Within the DP group there was a strong tendency to cigarette and alcohol consumption. With respect to pharmaceutical drugs consumed by the study patients during their lives, antipsychotics were the most widely used group, followed by lithium and anticonvulsivants. There is high percentage of MP patients who have used antidepressants during their lives. Conclusion: The polarity of the first episode of the disease seems to be a valid predictive parameter concerning the polarity of subsequent episodes; therefore, it works indirectly as a valid predictor of the disease’s course...

Características de recién nacidos con enterocolitis necrotizante en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en Colombia / Characteristics of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis in a third-level university hospital in Colombia

Introducción: La enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN) es, de todas las afecciones quirúrgicas del período neonatal, la de mayor mortalidad, siendo la causa más frecuente de alteración del tracto gastrointestinal severa en unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales y una emergencia médico-quirúrgica en la cual el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno pueden disminuir la necesidad de cirugía y la letalidad. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con enterocolitis necrotizante atendidos durante el ano 2006 en una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal de un hospital nivel III de la ciudad de Cali. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo piloto retrospectivo donde se incluyeron 32 historias clínicas de neonatos con ECN quienes llegaron a Cuidados Intensivos de Recién Nacidos (CIRENA) del Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) con este diagnóstico o desarrollaron la enfermedad durante su estancia en la unidad. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis descriptivo utilizando el paquete estadístico Epi-Info. Resultados: En el ano 2006 ingresaron a CIRENA del HUV 1555 neonatos, de los cuales 32 (2%) desarrollaron enterocolitis necrotizante, porcentaje que es similar al registrado en otros países; la mitad tenía un peso menor a 1500 gramos y solo 3 gestantes tuvieron adecuado control prenatal. Fueron diagnosticados con ECN, 17 (53.1%) de sexo femenino y 15 (46.9%) de sexo masculino. Conclusión: A pesar de que la mayoría de casos de ECN se presentan en ninos prematuros y/o de muy bajo peso al nacer, se encontró en este estudio un número importante de casos en recién nacidos a término tanto por edad gestacional como por peso que desarrollaron ECN temprana. Existe una relación visible entre el bajo peso al nacer, la prematurez y el desarrollo de ECN, sobre todo en los grados más avanzados de esta enfermedad, en los que la tendencia es el desarrollo de la fase tardía.

Introduction: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is, over all newborn surgical afflictions, the most deathly, representing the main GI problem in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and a medical/surgical emergency in which early diagnosis and opportune treatment may diminish surgical needs and mortality. Objective: To describe the features of patients with NEC attended at a third-level hospital NICU in the city of Cali in 2006. Method and materials: We conducted a pilot descriptive retrospective study that included 32 clinical records of newborns in the NICU (named CIRENA) from the Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) with NEC diagnosis. Finally, we made a descriptive analysis of the data by using the Epi-Info statistics program. Results: In 2006, 1555 newborns were admitted to HUV-CIRENA and 32 (2%) of them were diagnosed with NEC, a percentage that is similar to that of other countries; half of which weighed less than 1500 grams and only three pregnant women had adequate prenatal care, 17(53.1%) of these newborns were female and 15(46.9%) were male. Conclusions: Although the majority of NEC cases occurs in premature and/or very low weight children, it is outstanding the number of full-term newborns, either on gestational age and weight, that developed early NEC. There is a visible relationship among low birth weight, prematurity, and the development of NEC, especially in the higher degrees of the disease, where the tendency is the presentation of late NEC.

Síndrome metabólico, un problema de salud no diagnosticado / Metabolic syndrome: a non diagnosed health problem

Introducción: estudio transversal de prevalencia, realizado en el área norte de la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus en el período de enero de 2006 a diciembre de 2009. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico según los criterios de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes. Métodos: el universo de estudio fue la población de 16 años o más de edad de 20 consultorios escogidos al azar, los cuales representaron el 40 por ciento del total del área norte. La muestra estimada fue de 913 personas, y se logró encuestar y evaluar a 1 019 personas. El 93,62 por ciento de estas personas residían en el área urbana. La selección de las casas fue a través de una tabla de números aleatorios. Resultados: la prevalencia global del síndrome metabólico fue de 39, 8 por ciento (IC-95 por ciento; 36,8-42,8 por ciento). No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto al género (masculino: 40 por ciento [IC-95 por ciento; 35,4-44,6 por ciento], femenino: 39,8 por ciento [IC-95 por ciento; 35,8-43,7 por ciento]). El síndrome metabólico se incrementó significativamente con la edad de la persona (³ 50 años de edad), con el índice de masa corporal (³ 25 kg/m²), con la procedencia urbana de las personas y con el deterioro del metabolismo de la glucosa. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en la población estudiada fue alta(AU)

Introduction: a cross-sectional on prevalence was conducted in the north area of the Sancti Spiritus city from January, 2006 to December, 2009. Objective: to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according the criteria of the Latin-American of Diabetes. Methods: the study universe included persons aged 16 or more from 20 randomized consulting rooms, which accounted for the 40 percent of north area total. The averaged sample was of 913 persons where 1 019 were polled and assessed. The 93,62 percent were residents of urban area. Home selection was made through a randomized number table. Results: global prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased significantly with age of the person (³ 50 years old) with a body mass index (³ 25 kg/m²) with the urban origin persons and with the glucose metabolism deterioration. Conclusions: prevalence of metabolic in study population is high(AU)

Comparação qualitativa da constituição do cimento de Portland e MTA-Angelus® através de difração de raios X / Qualitative comparison of MTA-Angelus® and Portland cement constitution by X-ray diffraction

Objetivo - O cimento MTA tem sido utilizado em perfurações radiculares e obturações retrógradas, devido suas excelentes propriedades de selamento e biocompatibilidade, entretanto, seu custo é elevado. Desta maneira, a proposta deste estudo foi comparar qualitativamente os elementos químicos contidos no cimento de Portland e MTA-Angelus® (Mineral Trióxido Agregado). Métodos - Cem gramas de cimentos MTA e Portland foram submetidas à difração de raios X, com passo de 0,05°/segundos e leitura de intervalo (2?) entre os ângulos 3 e 65°. Difratogramas foram obtidos pelo programa Eva-msc Application e os elementos químicos identificados utilizando fichas de identificação Joint Commitee on Powder Difractin Standard. Resultados - Os minerais calcita (CaCO3), silicato de cálcio (Ca3SiO5) e periclásio (MgO) foram encontrados em ambas as amostras. Não foi observada a presença da fase sulfato de cálcio e potássio (K2Ca2(SO4)3) na amostra de cimento de Portland. Fase amorfa foi observada em ambas as amostras. Conclusão - Os elementos identificados mostraram semelhança química entre o MTA-Angelus® e o cimento de Portland.

Objective - MTA has been used in root perforation and retrograde obturation, due to excellent sealing properties and biocompatibility. However, it is expensive. This way, the purpose of this study was to compare qualitatively the chemical elements in the MTA-Angelus® (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) and Portland cement. Methods - One hundred grams of MTA and Portland cement were analyzed by x-ray diffraction setting at 3-65° and continuous scans for the (2?) were run a speed of 0.05°/seconds. The diffractograms were obtained by Eva-msc Application Software and chemical elements were identify using Joint Commitee on Powder Difractin Standard identification. Results - Calcite, calcium silicate and periclase were found in the both samples. It was not found potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate in the Portland cement. Amorphous phase was found in both samples. Conclusion - The identified elements showed similar chemical between MTA-Angelus® and Portland cement.

Saúde do trabalhador: refletindo sobre a saúde vocal de um grupo de controladores do tráfego aéreo. / Worker?s Health: reflecting on vocal health of air flight controller group.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o conhecimento que o controlador de tráfego aéreo (CTA) possui sobre sua voz. Participaram desta pesquisa 21 controladores do Aeroporto Internacional do Rio de Janeiro. Elaborou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre os fatores prejudiciais à voz e os cuidados utilizados para melhorá-la. Todos eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 40 anos. O tempo médio de atuação nessa profissão era de 20 anos; 28,5% exerciam outra profissão; 42,8% relataram que cuidavam da voz falando menos e evitando gritar; 14,2% referiram rouquidão frequente; 90,5% consideraram seu trabalho estressante; 95,2% não utilizavam técnicas para aliviar o estresse. Dos fatores prejudiciais à voz, 14,2% eram fumantes e 52,3% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas socialmente; 100% dos entrevistados ingeriam cafeína diariamente. Alergia respiratória foi relatada por 42,9%; 95,2% consideraram que a qualidade da comunicação oral é importante no seu trabalho; 85,7% já vivenciaram alguma situação de falha na comunicação com o piloto; 33,3% atribuíram a problemas com sua própria comunicação e 16,6% a problemas da comunicação do piloto; 76,2% nunca receberam treinamento para expressão oral. Concluiu-se que governo e setores responsáveis pela prevenção de acidentes aéreos deveriam oferecer treinamento e acompanhamento para saúde vocal a fim melhorar as condições de trabalho e vida desses de profissionais.

The main propose of this work was to verify the knowledge that the air traffic Controllers (ATC) have about their voice. A total of 21 controllers of the international airport of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, have participated in this research. Based upon the harmful aspects and care to the voice improvement, a questionnaire was elaborated with open and closed questions. All the individuals were male, with average age of 40 years old. They have an average of 20 years of experience on the job. Among them, 28.5% performed other kind of work as well. Speaking less and preventing flu was the kind of care that 42.8% took. Husky voice was frequently observed by 14.2% of the individuals. The work was considered stressfull by 90.5% of the individuals. Techniques to relieve stress were not used by 95.2% of the individuals. Regarding the harms to the voice, 14.2% were regular smokers; 52.3% drank alcoholic beverage socially; 100% of the individuals had caffeine on daily bases. Respiratory allergy was reported by 42.9%. The importance quality of the oral communication was considered by 95.2%. Some situation of imperfection in the communication between the controller and the pilot had already happened with 85.7%; of these 33.3% had related problems with his own communication and 16.6% reported problems to the pilot communication; 77.2% had never had any kind of training for oral expression. The conclusion was that government and sectors responsible for the prevention of air accidents should provide training and support of vocal health in order to improve working and life conditions of these professionals.

Habilidades matemáticas en alumnos de bajo nivel sociocultural / Mathematical skills in students from a low social and cultural stratum / Habilidades matemáticas em alunos de baixo nível sociocultural

La temática abordada es la calidad de la educación básica en México. Con el propósito de dar cuenta del proceso de desarrollo de diversas habilidades matemáticas en alumnos de primer grado de primaria, se realizó un estudio longitudinal en el cual participaron 169 alumnos de estrato sociocultural bajo. Se aplicó un instrumento referido a criterio y basado en análisis de tareas, que permitió analizar los aciertos y errores a lo largo del ciclo escolar 2004-2005. Los resultados indican que los alumnos ingresaron con deficiencias preacadémicas, que se desarrollaron algunas habilidades, pero que los niveles de aptitud matemática fueron bajos al finalizar el curso. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados y se proponen alternativas para la educación, basadas en el modelo conductual de desarrollo psicológico.

In this paper, the quality of primary education in Mexico is dealt with A longitudinal study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the process of development for various mathematical skills with first grade students; 169 students from a low social and cultural stratum participated. An instrument referred to criteria and based on task analysis was used to analyze the errors and the correct responses throughout the 2004-2005 school year Results show that students had enrolled with previous academic deficiencies and developed some skills; however, the levels of mathematical skills were still low at the end of the school term. The implications of these results are discussed and some alternatives for education based on a behavioural model of psychological development are proposed.

Neste artigo, é examinada a qualidade do ensino primária em México. Para dar conta do processo de desenvolvimento de várias habilidades matemáticas nos alunos do primeiro grau de ensino primária, foi realizado um estudo longitudinal em que participaram 169 alunos de estrato sociocultural baixo. Foi aplicado um instrumento referido a critério e baseado em análise de tarefas, que possibilitou a análise de acertos e erros durante o ciclo escolar 2004-2005. Os resultados sinalam que os alunos tenham deficiências pré-acadêmicas, que desenvolveram algumas habilidades, mais que os níveis de aptitude matemática foram baixos ao final do curso. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados e são propostas alternativas para a educação, baseadas no modelo condutista de desenvolvimento psicológico.

Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria / Linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic level at the beginning of elementary education

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las habilidades lingüísticas con que ingresan a la educación básica primaria alumnos de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Participaron 262 alumnos de primer grado, inscritos en ocho grupos de escuelas públicas del Estado de México, con una media de 5.7 años de edad. Se aplicó individualmente a cada alumno el Instrumento para Evaluar Habilidades Precurrentes para la Lectura (EPLE), de Vega (1991), al inicio del ciclo escolar 2004-2005. El análisis estadístico con el programa SPSS arrojó como resultado un puntaje promedio de 77 (DS=14), que corresponde al 57% de la calificación total del EPLE, lo que puede indicar que los alumnos ingresaron al primer grado de primaria con un nivel insatisfactorio de conductas lingüísticas. Se observan ligeras diferencias en las ejecuciones de los alumnos, a favor de quienes ingresaron con seis años de edad y con mayor número de años cursados en preescolar. Se discuten las implicaciones del bajo nivel lingüístico mostrado por los participantes y se proponen alternativas basadas en la investigación psicológica conductual.

The purpose of this study was to assess the linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic background who were beginning their elementary education. A total of 262 first-grade students with an average age of 5.7 years old and who were enrolled in 8 groups of public schools from Mexico State, participated in this project. The instrument used was the Precurrent Skills for Reading Assessment (PSRA) by Vega (1991), and was administered individually to each student at the beginning of the 2004-2005 school year. The statistical analysis using SPSS showed a mean score of 77 (SD=14), which corresponds to 57% of the total PSRA score. These results may indicate that first grade students have an unsatisfactory level of linguistic behaviour. Slight differences in the students’ performances were observed. A slightly better performance was shown by those first grade students who were 6 years old at the beginning of the school year and who had previously received pre-school education. The implications of the poor linguistic level shown by the participants are discussed, and some alternatives based on the behavioural research, are proposed.

Manejo quirúrgico y test de wada en la epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporal / Surgical management and Test of Wada in the refractory epilepsy of the temporary lobe

Introducción: A pesar del manejo anticonvulsivo adecuado, hasta 40 por ciento de los pacientes persisten con crisis y 20 por ciento de ellos tienen resistencia total a los medicamentos. Estos pacientes presentan epilepsia refractaria y su causa más frecuente es la esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal. La neurocirugía es una buena alternativa de tratamiento para estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del grupo de cirugía de epilepsia del Instituto Neurológico de Antioquia en la evaluación con test de Wada y manejo quirúrgico de pacientes con epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporal. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal de octubre de 2001 a junio de 2005 en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal refractaria al tratamiento médico, estudiados mediante evaluación clínica neurológica, resonancia magnética, video EEG, evaluación neuropsicológica, psiquiátrica y test de Wada para evaluar funciones cognitivas, particularmente lenguaje y memoria, cuantificar reserva funcional, predecir riesgo cognoscitivo y así determinar los pacientes candidatos a cirugía. Para el seguimiento postquirúrgico se utilizó la clasificación de Engel. Resultados: Se evaluaron 85 pacientes con epilepsia refractaria. Se recomendó cirugía en 66 de ellos. 42 pacientes tenían esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal. En la evaluación con test de Wada se demostró que en los pacientes con esclerosis mesial del lóbulo temporal (EMLTI), el lenguaje fue dominante en el lado contralateral a la lesión en 45 por ciento de los pacientes y para la memoria completo en todos los pacientes. La reserva funcional para la memoria fue superior a 50 por ciento en la mayoría de los pacientes. Todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por epilepsia del lóbulo temporal redujeron la frecuencia de las crisis en el posquirúrgico. 91.8 por ciento de los pacientes se encontraban en clasificación de Engel I. Conclusiones: Una selección adecuada de los candidatos para cirugía mediante un protocolo definido, garantiza un buen pronóstico postquirúrgico en cuanto al control de las crisis. El test de Wada es fundamental en la predicción del riesgo cognoscitivo